The Effect of Advertising on Youth a Focus on the Tobacco Industry Essay Example

The Effect of Advertising on Youth a Focus on the Tobacco Industry Essay Advertising is a one-way communication whose function is to notify possible customers about products and services and how to acquire them. Every major medium is used to deliver these messages, including: television, radio, movies, magazines, newspapers, video games, the Internet and billboards. Advertising is often placed by an advertising agency on behalf of a company. One definition of advertising would be: Advertising is the non personal communication of information usually paid for and usually persuasive in nature about products, services or ideas by identified sponsors through the various media. (Richard F. Taflinger). In other words, advertising could be categorized as a facet which feed the consumer with information regarding a specific product that the consumer is could be purchasing. However, the aim is not only providing information about a given product, but also it should be born in mind that advertising provides all sort of information regarding the advertised product to the consumers. (Nelson, 1974). In an attempt to stress the significance of advertising on youth, the researcher thought of integrating a specific industry which had a lot of controversial literature and its effect on youth. The industry in hand is the tobacco industry. Research Objectives: The main objective of this paper is to draw the lines to the direct connections in terms of effectiveness between advertising and youth aged 15 to 25 years. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of Advertising on Youth a Focus on the Tobacco Industry specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of Advertising on Youth a Focus on the Tobacco Industry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of Advertising on Youth a Focus on the Tobacco Industry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In an effort to emphasize this connection, the researcher tried to depict the effects of advertising on youth through the case of tobacco industry. Tobacco advertisements are considered here a vehicle to which the researcher planned to utilize to investigate the effects falling on youth. However, the researcher took a focus on cigarettes specifically, excluding other products of tobacco such as cigars and water pipes (shisha). Research Importance: The importance of this research, as the researcher perceives it, lies in the fact that advertising has taken a long course of development through the years to reach its 3- present influential status. However this status proved to be a double edged weapon when it comes to its medium of usage and the effect of on its target groups. In the following pages, a review of the literature would show the various effects of advertising on youth focusing on the tobacco industry. Literature Review: Function of Advertising: For the advertisement to reach its goal, it has to hit on the emotions of the viewer. This does not have to mean making advertisements that stress emotions, but rather advertisements that connects emotionally with consumers. This is the way to increasing product sales, broadening market share, or remind the consumer of the advertised product if this is the companys aim. Advertisements could also affect other non-using consumers by persuading them to purchase the new product. Such process could lead consumers to switching their product preferences and eventually becoming loyal consumers. (S. P. Raj, 1982). Significance of Advertising: In this competitive and fierce market, every company aims to have the most market share, and the most demand of the customers toward its products. Consequently, companies try to make the most attractive and effective advertisements about their new products, which reveals the importance of advertising in order to be able to compete better with other products. (Becker Murphy, 1993) Advertising plays a large role toward the consumer in order to remind him with the brand name and the product, also the product which have the most possibility in purchasing it habitually, so it plays a big role in improving the consumer mind with the product. Therefore, when the company is creating an ad; it should inform the consumers about the product and the brand, so as to obtain a positive effect toward the brand from the consumer, and this may lead to that the consumer will start thinking about this product that he may purchase and that is the purpose of any company when it makes an ad. (Kolter Armstrong, 2006) -4- On the other hand the product or the brand that is not well know toward the customers the company must create a lot of advertising in order to inform the customers about the brand, and this is an important reason that the product is well known to all the customers. Advertisements play a big role in which it increases the demand toward any product and it also may discourage a customer from switching behavior from one product to the other. And there are many advertisements that provide very little direct information about the product, but they provide the customers with indirect information about the quality of the product that is advertised. (Becker Murphy, 1993) The customers mostly get affected by the social and the psychological forces that the advertisements are created in; thus the company has to choose a good media, time, and places in order to inform all the customers about the product. Nelson, 1974) Advertising tends to affect the consumers who know the product well and the consumers who still don’t know it well. So it affects the consumers who are having the higher loyalty of the product in order to keep them up dated with the product so as not to forget it and let them purchase more and more of the product, but on the other han d the consumers who are having low loyalty with the product, the aim from any advertising that a company makes is to let them know the product and to keep with them until they start purchasing the product usually. And also a main point that the adverting aims to do is to make the consumers switch from the competitive products to the product of the company that is advertised now, and all of this depends on how the companies make their ads in order to be effective so it can affect the consumer when he sees it. (S. P. Raj, 1982) Advertising focuses on how it keeps the brand familiarity with its consumers, so it differs from a company that makes advertising for the customers who are still not familiar with the product. So as we see that the main aspect that the companies concentrate on now is to make advertisements that will have an effect on the consumers who are already familiar by the brand, so what any company want to reach from this point is to keep the brand information in the consumers mind so as they do not forget it and start looking for another brand that is competitive to our brand. (Kent Allen, 1994) There are now some companies that think that the advertising and the promotion makes the consumers much aware about the prices, and this had resulted in that the companies had decreased the effective prices that they charge on the products. 5- So now some companies tend to see and ask if the consumer may have a response toward any changes in the marketing mix strategies over a long period, for example, could this consumer changes his price sensitivity over a long period, or does his sensitivity toward the prices could increase and change over a long period and what are the aspects that had affected this changes, for example, if the company makes some changes in the advertising or promotions so could this result in a change in the consumers price sensitivity. (Mela, Gupta Lehmann, 1997) So these tasks will not esult only in the process that will let us know the differences and changes that will occur in the consumer’s behavior over a long period, but it will also help us in improving and providing better pricing, advertising, and promotion policies that will result in the improving the manufacturing process of the company. A long term period effects means that the companies tend to increase the consumers loyalty toward choosing their brand through making an effective advertising and promotions, and this processed over a long period, so that is why it is called the long term effect. Mela, Gupta Lehmann, 1997) However, the effect of advertising on consumers might differ depending on several factors. First, the consumer differences effect on advertising where any company or advertiser must take in to consideration that the advertising that they create must have a positive effect on the customers in order to grab their attention toward the product. It is also important to understand and to know the feelings and the attitudes of the customers, toward the product or the brand according to the ad that he watch and also how does his feeling is related through his contact to the ad. Edell Burke, 1987) Now most of the companies that intend to create an ad they attempt to concentrate on how the ad can affect the consumer emotions so that he can feel that this product is good and have better quality than other competitors, but this is not an easy job that may be done, because the emotions of any consumer is very hard to be affected with a normal ad, so there must be a different task to be done in o rder to affect the consumer emotion and all this will affect the consumer behavior. Kolter Armstrong, 2006) Second, the effect of consumer awareness of the product on advertising since the kind of any advertising differs from one good to the other because the goods that are already well known will not have a lot of ads in order to inform the consumer, but on the other hand the products that are unknown these are the ones that needs a lot of -6- advertising and concentration from the company toward this product so you can let your product to be well known in a little period of time. (Nelson, 1974) Chronologic development of Advertising: The 1960s saw advertising transform into a modern approach in which creativity was allowed to shine, producing unexpected messages that made advertisements more appealing to consumers eyes. The Volkswagen ad campaignfeaturing such headlines as Think Small and Lemon (which were used to describe the appearance of the car)ushered in the era of modern advertising by promoting a position or unique selling proposition designed to associate each brand with a specific idea in the reader or viewers mind. This period of American advertising is called the Creative Revolution and its poster boy was Bill Bern Bach who helped create the revolutionary Volkswagen ads among others. The late 1980s and early 1990s witnessed the introduction of cable television and particularly MTV. Pioneering the concept of the music video, MTV ushered in a new type of advertising: the consumer tunes in for the advertising message, rather than it being a byproduct or afterthought. As cable and satellite television became increasingly prevalent, specialty channels emerged, including channels entirely devoted to advertising, such as QVC, Home Shopping Network, and ShopTV. The same advertising techniques used to promote commercial goods and services can be used to inform, educate and motivate the public about noncommercial issues, such as AIDS and political philosophy. Advertising, in its noncommercial appearance, is a powerful educational device capable of reaching and motivating large audiences. Advertising justifies its existence when used in the public interest it is much too powerful a tool to use solely for commercial purposes. Attributed to Howard Gossage by David Ogilvy. Weighing Advertising: A way to measure advertising effectiveness is known as ad tracking. This advertising research method measures shifts in target market perceptions about the brand and product or service. These shifts in perception are plotted against the consumers’ levels of contact to the company’s advertisements and promotions. The -7- principle of Ad Tracking is generally to measure the effect of the media weight or spending level, the effectiveness of the media targeting, and the quality of the advertising implementation. The effect of advertising has been a matter of significant discussion and many different claims have been made in different situations. Over the past fifteen years a whole science of marketing research has been developed to find out the effect of advertisements on consumers, sales, profit and market share. During debates about the banning of cigarette advertising, a common claim from cigarette manufacturers was that cigarette advertising does not encourage people to smoke who would not otherwise. The opponents of advertising, on the other hand, claim that advertising does in fact increase spending. According to many sources, the past experience and state of mind of the person subjected to advertising may determine the impact that advertising has. Children under the age of four may be unable to differentiate advertising from other television programs, while the ability to determine the honesty of the message may not be developed until the age of eight. Effects of advertising vehicles on consumers: No one can deny that advertisement has become a very familiar aspect in our lives. Companies and businessmen tend to use advertisements as a method of selling and presenting their merchandise and services, using many forms of ads such as billboards, posters and mails. People are subjected on a daily basis to various advertisements starting from offering the most basic needs to highly luxurious goods. Such advertising has a direct impact on the human behavior that aims at pushing them to desire certain goods or services, and convince the public to behave in a profitable way to the advertiser, which make businessmen, have the will to pay millions of dollars on advertising (Maxwell 1931, 430-432). Previous studies by Lavidge and Steiner (1961) described the target of advertising based on three main purposes: cognitive, affective and conative. The cognitive purpose provides information in order to give the viewers enough knowledge about the product. The affective purpose is to persuade through generating -8- fondness and liking of the product. Lastly, the conative purpose is to arouse desire to actually buy the product (Grewal, Kavanoor, Fern, Costly and Barnes 1997, 2). Although advertising has a powerful impact on the human behavior, yet people should be cautious when dealing with such phenomenon, as it may have harmful, as well as, advantageous effect. In considering some of the positive outcomes of advertising, it can be suggested that it reduces cots for consumers, by arousing demands which leads to large scale production. Also, it raises the standard of living through educating the public to utilize products that are being supplied by government, individuals, industry and other institutions (Maxwell 1931, 431). There are also quite detrimental effects of advertising as for example some might aim at arousing the desire to buy harmful or unwanted products such as cigarettes. Advertising also overstates health superstitions, political prejudice through giving false notions. Moreover, it has a great influence on determining the lifestyles and habits of people, which makes these modes of living in the hands of producers and merchants who seek only profit (Maxwell 1931, 431-432). As a result of this huge manipulation of advertising on their lives, people should take precautions while dealing with such social force. They should be able to exploit advertising in an efficient way that ensures desiring worthy products, and resist the negative influence of advertising. In order to achieve such ability, people should have education, even in public schools, on how to response to advertisements appropriately, as it is a very common activity in our lives (Maxwell 1931, 432-433). Many previous studies agreed that the effect of television advertisements over time increases, stabilize, and ultimately decreases, which is called commercial wear out. For advertisements to regain its effectiveness, a period of no exposure should take place (Burke and Edell 1986, 114-117). The issue of how people remember TV commercials that suggest emotional reaction and those that do not, was also investigated. This process mainly depends on the executional attributes of the ad and the people’s processing when they first watch the ad and then when they try to remember it. It was asserted that recognizing the memory of advertisements is important due to the following reasons: a) people may tend to use these memory -9- ketches while deciding which products to buy (Baker Lutz, 1987; Biehal Chakravarti, 1986; Friestad and Thorson 1993, 2), b) advertisers may find ways of refreshing ad memories of people by setting â€Å"cues† in the places where they make their buying decisions (Keller 1987; Friestad and Thorson 1993, 2), c) measuring the level of ads recall is used in evaluating the effectiveness of the ad (Friestad and Thorson 1993, 1-2). During the process of watching TV advertising, people make decisions concerning the amount of attention and concentration towards the ad. Some people do no have a certain objective in mind while watching an ad, which leads to disperse of their cognitive resources as they are less involved in the viewing (Stephens Russo, 1987; Friestad and Thorson 1993, 3). In this type of viewing the level of classification, assessment and integration is very low, while other aspects such as insight and comprehension prevail (Greenwald Leavitt, 1984; MacInnis Jaworski, 1989; Friestad and Thorson 1993, 3). While on the other hand, people who want to evaluate during the view of ads will direct their cognitive resources to information significant to their evaluation. This type of viewing may produce two types of memory traces. First, an episodic memory structure, in which the task generated in the people’s minds, focuses cognitive resources on information relevant to that task. Second, a semantic knowledge structure is produced which includes only the task- relevant information and any accompanying evaluations (Lichtenstein Srull, 1985; Friestad and Thorson 1993, 3). Previous studies proved that events that arouse emotional reactions are more likely to be remembered than non-emotional events (Bolles, 1988; Brewer, 1988; Nilsson, 1984; Friestad and Thorson 1993, 5). It is proposed that ads that arouse emotional reactions is very much associated with episodic encoding processes (Tulving, 1983; Friestad and Thorson 1993, 5), and that the lack of any encoding objectives increases the viewer’s propensity to experiential encoding, due to the focusing of the viewer’s emotional reactions resources on the parts in the ad that arouses his emotion (Friestad and Thorson 1993, 5-6). Many researchers such as Scherer and Ross (1990) discussed the idea of advertising products that have very small differences in appearance and physical 10 haracteristics, on a very large scale. An example that would illustrate more is the industry of soft drinks, where the two leading market competitors are Coca-Cola and Pepsi. Both of them have a huge advertising campaign, yet they are extremely similar, even regular drinkers can hardly differentiate between them. The same goes with the industry of coffee, beer and cigarettes (Von Der Fehr and Stevick 1998, 113) . It has been proved that if advertising increases supposed product differences, levels of equilibrium advertising decrease in the extent to which product are differentiated. While if advertising supreme product diversity, then advertising levels increase in the extent to which products are differentiated, whereas the motivation that increases readiness to pay is insignificant to the level of product differentiation (Von Der Fehr and Stevick 1998, 124). Types of advertising: Moving on to the types of advertising, a variety of types has been studied including comparative and non-comparative, political and persuasive advertising. Comparative and non-comparative advertising: Comparative advertising has proven to be one of the most widespread and popular types of advertising in the United States media. This popularity is probably a result of the support of unambiguous comparisons by the Federal Trade Commission (Tannenbaum 1974; Wilkie and Farris 1975; Grewal, Kavanoor, Fern, Costly and Barnes 1997, 1), as well as the advertiser’s confidence of its success. Comparative advertising can be defined based on two principles. First, comparative ads whether unambiguously (Wilkie and Fan-is 1975; Grewal, Kavanoor, Fern, Costly and Barnes 1997, 2) or ambiguously (Jackson, Brown, and Harmon 1979; Grewal, Kavanoor, Fern, Costly and Barnes 1997, 2) makes a comparison between two or more brands in the same general product or service category. Second, comparative ads compare brands based on their products’ attributes (Wilkie and Farris 1975; Grewal, Kavanoor, Fern, Costly and Barnes 1997, 2) or market positions (McDougall 1976; Grewal, Kavanoor, Fern, Costly and Barnes 1997, 2). Therefore, a brand that would assert it’s better than another one without explaining its methods of achieving such position is not using a comparative system (Grewal, Kavanoor, Fern, Costly and Barnes 1997, 2). 11 However, present experimental studies proved that the effectiveness of comparative advertising is unclear. Some researchers stated that there are certain advantages that are accompanied with comparative unlike non-comparative advertising (Drijge and Darmon 1987; Miniard et al. 1993; Pechmann and Ratneshwar 1991; Pechmann and Stewart 1990a; Rose et al. 1993; Grewal, Kavanoor, Fern, Costly and Barnes 1997, 1), while others reported that comparative is usually associated with objectionable results (Belch 1981; Golden 1979; Goodwin and Etgar 1980; Levine 1976; Swinyard 1981; Grewal, Kavanoor, Fern, Costly and Barnes 1997, 1). Political advertising: It has been claimed that political advertising, which aims at influencing the political behavior of the people, is believed by candidates to have the ability to affect the voters’ decisions, which is clearly shown in the huge amounts of money spent on the advertising campaigns. Reporters as well, have the same belief shown in the wide coverage of advertisements (Adatto 1990; Kahn and Geer 1994, 93). For example, many researchers stated that George Bush’s campaigns played a major role in defeating Michael Dukakis (Kahn and Geer 1994, 93). In fact, political advertising can somehow influence the public’s views, as it provides information to voters that might affect their considerations while voting. Previous investigations of the genuine substance of ads illustrated that it stresses relevant matters and personal characteristics of the candidate (Joslyn 1980, 1981; Kaid and Davidson 1986; Kern 1989; Shyles 1984a, 1984b; Kahn and Geer 1994, 94). Therefore the provided information increases the voters’ knowledge about the candidate which might eventually turn their evaluation of him (Markus 1982; Markus and Converse 1979; Kinder 1986; Brady and Johnston 1987; Kahn and Geer 1994, 94). A good example would be the case of Bill Clinton, as many didn’t know his personal background, the information and advertisements that focused on his background provided new and critical information about him that totally changed the view of many people towards him (Kahn and Geer 1994, 94). Being one of the most widely spread and used mediums of information and entertainment, Television has grown to be an established tool of sharing information 12 capable of effectively reaching different segments of a society. However, and despite such influence, there have been hardly a few number of studies tackling the behavioral aspect of viewing Television, specifically at home. (Anderson Lorch 1986, 1024). Significance of TV as an advertising vehicle: Therefore, and due to this shortage of a profound viewing of behavioral patterns of different age groups within youth age range, the researcher will discuss briefly the Television viewing behavior of children as it is the stage right before youth which is the main core of this study. (Anderson Lorch 1986, 1024). Previous studies show that regular viewing of Television begins during the early years of a child. According to a study in 1961, it has been noticed that Television viewing starts at the age of 2. 5 years, increases during pre and early school years, declines through adolescence and climbs up again among the elderly. (Schramm 1961; Comstock 1978; Anderson Lorch 1986, 1024). Moving on to factors affecting Television viewing behavior, a laboratory study found out that viewing behavior depends on physical and social context of the viewing state, on the formal features and comprehensibility of the material viewed, including other correlated factors. Nevertheless, it was noticed that mostly children from infancy till the age of 9 are the most attracted to Television. However, 5 year olds held a higher recall rate of auditory material than 9 year olds only when having a visual. That has been relied to the fact that during this age, the child is undergoing a phase of visual exploration and this medium –Television- offers the best resort for such appetite. (Alwitt Anderson 1980; Anderson Levin 1976; Anderson Lorch 1981; Anderson Lorch 1986, 1025). Meanwhile, in another study carried out using time lapse cameras in home, it was found that 19% of the time the Television was on no one was in the viewing room and that pre-school children were the least attentive to material viewed. Another study using video cameras installed in homes claimed that viewers usually engaged in other forms of activities rather than viewing aired material. Teens held the highest rate of attention, followed by adults and lastly children. Another longitudinal 13 observational study in 1980 recorded a tremendous escalation of attention from among viewers aged 12 to 23 months. Bechtel Achelpohl 1972; Allen 1965; Carew 1980; Anderson Lorch 1986, 1025-1026). On the other hand, and by examining findings of the study in hand, results showed that there was no relation between the age of the viewer and the time spent in front of the Television set. A highly significant percentage of increase in visual attention was determined among o-5 year olds which stopped during school years and declined during adulthood. There was also no evident relation between the time spent with the Television and the degree of attention among viewers. Findings stressed on the incident that a rise in time spent with the Television was associated with children till the age of 10 and started to decline afterwards. (Anderson Lorch 1986, 1030). A high level of visual attention through later childhood and adolescence was witnessed bearing in mind that a decline takes place after the age of ten. Therefore, the Television was considered to be a highly effective medium of spreading information and viewing different entertainment material to various groups of the society, especially for older children and teens. (Anderson Smith 1984; Anderson Lorch 1986, 1031). The effect of TV advertising on youth: Now that it was proven through different studies that Television does attract the attention of various age groups, especially children and teens, it would have considerable significance to discuss the effect such medium has on their consuming behavior. And in an approach to this matter, I will discuss selected readings of the literature found on the effect of TV ads on children and teens. Knowing the spreading power of Television, marketers and advertisers have been using Television ads to promote for different products and services. However, some ads proved to be harmful to the society and thats why Television ads have been held responsible for a number of social problems. (Shimp Dyer 1979, 36). An increasingly criticized issue was that of Over-The-Counter (OTC) drug advertising on Television. As there has been a growing belief that there is always a pill to relief from any sort of physical or emotional anxiety. In addition, it has been 14 confirmed by OTC critics that advertising is mainly responsible for the spread of legal and illegal drug use and abuse. However, it was strongly denied by drug representatives that their ads cause such harms. Berger 1974; Watson 1976; Moss 1971; Berger 1971; Edwards 1971; National Council of churches 1974; Stetler 1973; Cope 1976; Payne 1976; Shimp Dyer 1979). According to a Study by Brodlie in 1972 on drug use and sampling a group of heavy users and two other groups who witnessed control over TV exposure it has been noted that heavy drug users viewed Television more often during childhood with minor parental restrictions and on more regular basis. It was alleged that basically, Television had a higher directing effect on heavy drug users during childhood than other controlled groups. It was then suggested that heavy drug users group must have been exposed to more OTC Television ads. (Brodlie 1972; Shimp Dyer 1979, 37). A similar study used two measuring tools where candidates were asked to recall any visual of Television ads on drugs and the other was a brand recall where respondents are asked to sum up all proprietary brands they can recall. After the comparison between the two Television ads recall measurement tool and the respondents use of illicit drugs, a positive relation between marijuana use recall was determined. Hulbert; Shimp Dyer 1979, 37). On the other hand, a study by Ward et al in 1977 claimed that the effect of Television ads on illegal drug consumption might be negligible. The study argues that if Television ads have minor effect on childrens basic consumption skills, then it doesnt have to relate to ideals and norms connected to illegal drug usage. (Ward 1977; Shimp Dyer 1979, 43-44). In any case, illegal drug usage has grown rapidly and is reaching the verge of an epidemic. In parallel, statistics show a massive rise in drug consumption, especially among children. Therefore, it has to be cut down and if Television ads has a share in this rapid growth, then it should be proved and treated. (Shimp Dyer 1979, 43). Moving on to another example on the effects of Television ads on children and teens, which is the Nike athletes shoes ads study. The study examined –among other 15 purposes- the effect of such ads on African American teenagers perception of the product and their intention to make a purchase. Findings came out to suggest that the amount of Television exposure relates to the degree of product perception. As for the intention of making a purchase, it has been found quite high. (Lee Browne 1995, 524-534). Tobacco advertisements and the effect of restriction: Switching to another example, this study examines the causal effects of smoking related advertising. The study hypothesizes that young adolescents who are exposed to anti-smoking TV ads are more likely to have a negative approach towards smoker and tend to evaluate them on such negative basis. The study also claims that some cigarette advertisers tend to use appealing models or well known icons to attract consumers. However, the study predicts that adolescents who have been educated about the hazardous effects of smoking are not likely to be envisioned by such ads that they would appear more mature or exciting by smoking. Yet, such ads would develop thoughts of maturity and thrill even to an individual who knows well the harms of smoking. (Pechmann Ratneshwar 1994, 238-239). In contrast to this, preconceptions that are firmly believed in are uneasily changed and not by advertising, nevertheless, continuous counter-attitudinal advertising usually have a reminding effect on people of their unfavored beliefs. To give a more vivid picture, take the Canadian findings. Canadian advertisers argued showed that certain ads portraying smoking models engaging in dynamic sports action draws out attention to anti-smoking responses. Those ads were irrefutable and conveyed the message that preconceptions about smokers being readily out of breath are untrue. (Pechmann Ratenshwar 1994, 239). After carrying out different procedures and methods of research, it has been proven that subjects who were told about hazards of smoking did perceive smokers more negatively upon viewing smoking ads. Although subjects did find cigarette models attractive and desirable, and even thought about their traits positively, but that didn’t put them aside from thinking negatively about smokers. (Pechmann Ratenshwar 1994, 247). 16 On another note, and according to another study, it has been claimed that in the late 1960s and in year 1970 the Federal Communication Commission required all TV broadcasts and radios to donate a minute of anti-smoking to every 3 minutes of prosmoking ads. Further empirical re

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Parkinson Disease What is Parkinson disease? Parkinson disease is a brain disorder. It occurs when certain nerve cells (neurons) in a part of the brain called the substantia nigra die or become impaired. Normally, these cells produce a vital chemical known as dopamine. Dopamine allows smooth, coordinated function of the body's muscles and movement. When approximately 80% of the dopamine-producing cells are damaged, the symptoms of Parkinson disease appear. What are the signs and symptoms of Parkinson disease? The loss of dopamine production in the brain causes the primary symptoms of Parkinson disease. The key signs of Parkinson disease are: Tremor (shaking) Slowness of movement Rigidity (stiffness) Difficulty with balance Other signs of Parkinson disease may include: Small, cramped handwriting Stiff facial expression Shuffling walk Muffled speech Depression Who gets Parkinson disease? Parkinson disease affects both men and women in almost equal numbers. It shows no social, ethnic, economic or geographic boundaries. In the United States, it is estimated that 60,000 new cases are diagnosed each year, joining the 1.5 million Americans who currently have Parkinson disease. While the condition usually develops after the age of 65, 15% of those diagnosed are under 50. How is Parkinson disease diagnosed? The process of making a Parkinson disease diagnosis can be difficult. There is no X-ray or blood test that can confirm Parkinson disease. A physician arrives at the diagnosis only after a thorough examination. Blood tests and brain scans known as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be performed to rule out other conditions that have similar symptoms. People suspected of having Parkinson disease should consider seeking the care of a neurologist who specializes in Parkinson disease. What is the treatment for Parkinson disease? There are a number of effective medicines that help to ease... Free Essays on Parkinson Disease Free Essays on Parkinson Disease Parkinson Disease What is Parkinson disease? Parkinson disease is a brain disorder. It occurs when certain nerve cells (neurons) in a part of the brain called the substantia nigra die or become impaired. Normally, these cells produce a vital chemical known as dopamine. Dopamine allows smooth, coordinated function of the body's muscles and movement. When approximately 80% of the dopamine-producing cells are damaged, the symptoms of Parkinson disease appear. What are the signs and symptoms of Parkinson disease? The loss of dopamine production in the brain causes the primary symptoms of Parkinson disease. The key signs of Parkinson disease are: Tremor (shaking) Slowness of movement Rigidity (stiffness) Difficulty with balance Other signs of Parkinson disease may include: Small, cramped handwriting Stiff facial expression Shuffling walk Muffled speech Depression Who gets Parkinson disease? Parkinson disease affects both men and women in almost equal numbers. It shows no social, ethnic, economic or geographic boundaries. In the United States, it is estimated that 60,000 new cases are diagnosed each year, joining the 1.5 million Americans who currently have Parkinson disease. While the condition usually develops after the age of 65, 15% of those diagnosed are under 50. How is Parkinson disease diagnosed? The process of making a Parkinson disease diagnosis can be difficult. There is no X-ray or blood test that can confirm Parkinson disease. A physician arrives at the diagnosis only after a thorough examination. Blood tests and brain scans known as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be performed to rule out other conditions that have similar symptoms. People suspected of having Parkinson disease should consider seeking the care of a neurologist who specializes in Parkinson disease. What is the treatment for Parkinson disease? There are a number of effective medicines that help to ease...

10 Neon Facts †Chemical Element

10 Neon Facts - Chemical Element Neon is element number 10 on the periodic table, with the element symbol Ne. While you might think of neon lights when you hear this element name, there are many other interesting properties and uses for this gas. Here are 10 neon facts: Each neon atom has 10 protons. There are three stable isotopes of the element, with atoms having 10 neutrons (neon-20), 11 neutrons (neon-21), and 12 neutrons (neon-22). Because it has a stable octet for its outer electron shell, neon atoms have 10 electrons and no net electrical charge. The first two valence electrons are in the s shell, while the other eight electrons are in the p shell. The element is in group 18 of the periodic table, making it the first noble gas with a full octet (helium is lighter and stable with only 2 electrons). Its the second lightest noble gas.At room temperature and pressure, neon is an odorless, colorless, diamagnetic gas. It belongs to the noble gas element group and shares the property with other elements of that group of being nearly inert (not very reactive). In fact, there are no known stable  neon compounds, even though some other noble gases have been found to form chemical bonds. A possible exception is solid neon clathrate hydrate, which may be formed from neon gas and water ice at pressure of 0.35-0.48 GPa. The name of the element comes from the Greek word novum or neos, which means new. British chemists Sir William  Ramsay and Morris W. Travers discovered the element in 1898. Neon was discovered in a sample of liquid air. The gases that escaped were identified as nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and krypton. When the krypton was gone, the remaining gas was found to emit a bright red light when ionized. Ramsays son suggested the name for the new element, neon.Neon is both rare and abundant, depending where youre looking for it. Although neon is a rare gas in the Earths atmosphere (about 0.0018% by mass), it is the 5th most abundant element in the universe  (1 part per 750), where it is produced during the alpha process in stars. The sole source of neon is from extraction from liquefied air. Neon is also found in diamonds and some volcanic vents. Because neon is rare in air, its an expensive gas to produce, about 55 times more expensive than liquid helium.Even though its rare and expensive o n Earth, there is a fair amount of neon in the average home. If you could extract all the neon from a new home in the United States, you have about 10 liters of the gas! Neon is a monatomic gas, so it is lighter (less dense) than air, which consists mostly of nitrogen (N2). If a balloon is filled with neon, it will rise. However, this will occur at a much slower rate than you would see with a helium balloon. As with helium, inhaling neon gas poses an asphyxiation risk if not enough oxygen is available to breathe.Neon has many uses besides lighted signs. It is also used in helium-neon lasers, masers,  vacuum tubes, lightning arresters, and high-voltage indicators. The liquid form of the element is a cryogenic refrigerant. Neon is 40 times more effective as a refrigerant than liquid helium and 3 times better than liquid hydrogen. Because of its high refrigeration capacity, liquid neon is used in cryonics, to freeze corpses for preservation or for potential revival in the future. The liquid can cause immediate frostbite to exposed skin or mucous membranes.When low pressure neon gas is electrified, it glows reddish orange. This is the true color of neo n lights. Other colors of lights are produced by coating the interior of the glass with phosphors. Other gases glow when excited. These are not neon signs even though many people commonly assume they are. One of the more interesting facts about neon is the light emitted from ionized neon can pass through water fog. This is why neon lighting is used in cold regions and for aircraft and airports.Neon has a melting point of  Ã¢â‚¬â€˜248.59  Ã‚ °C (‑415.46  Ã‚ °F) and boiling point of  Ã¢â‚¬â€˜246.08  Ã‚ °C (‑410.94  Ã‚ °F). Solid neon forms a crystal with a close-packed cubic structure. Because of its stable octet, the electronegativity and electron affinity of neon approaches zero.

First Amendment Protection for Spam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

First Amendment Protection for Spam - Essay Example The concern for spam is however growing all around the globe. Around forty percent of bulk e-mail consuming is posing problem for the internet users along with internet service providers. They complain of having their mailboxes full of annoying e-mails or mails that are offensive. However, a number of users refer spamming to the commercial advertising. 3 Since internet is the fasted way to contact people all around in the world with millions of people, internet advertisers has realized for using internet as a tool for advertising through spam. They choose many different ways for advertising such on the World Wide Web, but the easiest way for them is to advertise through e-mail spamming. Internet advertising are divided into two groups, either they can be intrusive or passive. Passive way for advertising is the most common way of advertising on internet. It is a way on which the internet user seeks out for the advertisement and accesses it himself. Though, the most widespread passive advertisement is done on the websites. On the other hand, intrusive advertisement is one on which the user receives e-mails from the seller for example posting electronic mails. Intrusive advertisement is also known to be an unwanted advertisement and will be discussed in this paper. All together, the concern for spamming has grown to compromise the valu e of e-mails and finally towards the internet.4 Section one of this paper will examine details and problems held by intrusive or unwanted advertisement/spamming together which the current laws to solve this problem. Section two of this paper will discuss the standards of First Amendment, applicable to the problem. Finally, the third section will highlight whether the Congress pass on other constitutional laws to protect users from internet spamming. Issues and Problems Related to Intrusive Spamming/Advertising In this section, the question arises of how to define spam Spam is described as the most unwanted or unsolicited electronic mail which is usually delivered in bulk form to millions of internet users. However, due to the unlimited debates held in the online community, a series of rules on how to use internet was introduced which was known as "Netiquette quickly developed". It established that the advertisers who are willing to advertise online should detain their activities on the websites that welcomes advertisements. Unfortunately, as the online internet community was small, the violators of Netiquette were punished. Intrusive spam has been mostly been associated with schemes such to get rich in a quick manner, is changing by time. As more and more e-businesses are getting involved in cyberspace, major advertisers and other organizations have started to rely on bulk e-mails or have created their own web sites on World Wide Web for the reason to sell out their products as quickly as possible. Vendors who rely on spam maintain that this storm as a whole is blown out in parts by perfectionists who really want to see spamming out from the internet. However, the opponents of spam argue that in some way, spam robs the internet users from the resources and dishonors the internet just a piece of litter found in the physical environment. There are number of examples that portray about the problems created by spamming. Such as, the most disastrous was the one which

Edit 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Edit 2 - Essay Example In this Essay I will focus on Tatsuo’s three main ideas of sovereignty, Asian culture and tradition, and religious diversity. Tatsuo views the Asian values as unauthentic and driven from an anti-West centric stance. In fact, the Asian governments invented this concept to increase their power and silence Asians’ voices by restricting their liberties. According to Tatsuo, the term Asian value is a concept used by Asian leaders to protect their societies from being invaded by Western concepts that contradict with their culture and tradition. Indeed, Tatsuo suggests that even though Asian leaders do not like the idea of democracy – viewing it as a Western value that is being forced into their society, they contradict themselves by accepting the term sovereignty, which is also a Western concept that was introduced by philosophical westerners such as Jean Bodin and Machiavelli. In fact, Tatsuo points that Asian society uses sovereignty as a way to place the power of the state above the individual rights. A good example is Bangkok Declaration that manipulates the meaning of sovereignty by illustrating the importance of respecting the nation and not interfering with foreign affairs. In my opinion, Tatsuo’s argument on sovereignty is valid. Introducing democracy to Asian society will disrupt the hierarchy system that places the state on top of its citizens. In fact, increasing the individuals’ respect and love for their state will increase their feeling of responsibility towards their nation and consider protecting their states as their first priority regardless of their human rights. Indeed, the more value is given to the state the more power it will have and the less power individuals will feel, which will increase their fear of expressing their voices even if their rights are violated. Indeed, this hierarchy system allows the state to control its citizens easily under the right of sovereignty and disregarding the rights of

Plagiarism Essay Example for Free

Plagiarism Essay Plagiarism is the practice of dishonestly claiming or implying original authorship of material which one has not actually created, such as when a person incorporates material from someone elses work into their own work without attributing it. Within academia, plagiarism is seen as academic dishonesty and is a serious and punishable academic offense. Plagiarism may happen unintentionally in the case of unconscious plagiarism or if a plagiarist is unaware of the need for citation. Non-attribution in ipse is not necessarily plagiarism; it is only such when the norms of the community are affronted. In normal discourse, it is not usual to make attribution. Likewise, use of non-attributed Biblical phraseology or quotations in a sermon is acceptable. To an extent, accusations of plagiarism seem to be attracted by a perceived hubris on the part of their target. Plagiarism is not necessarily the same as copyright infringement, but necessarity to prevent plagiarism using free online plagiarism checker. which occurs when one violates copyright law. The copying of a few sentences for a quotation is fair use under US copyright law, but, if not attributed to the true author, it is plagiarism. Punishments  In the academic world: Plagiarism is a serious academic offense which can result in punishment ranging from a failing grade on the particular assignment (typically at the high school level), or the course (typically at the college level), leading cumulatively to an academic suspension or expulsion. Being found guilty of plagiarism can ruin an academic career; it may result in revocation of ones degree, or the loss of ones job, and will result in the loss of academic credibility. Charges of plagiarism are resolved through internal disciplinary proceedings (which students usually agree to be bound by when they enter a course). Generally, although plagiarism is often loosely referred to as theft or stealing, it has not been prosecuted as a criminal matter in the law courts, according to Stuart Green. Likewise, plagiarism has no standing as a criminal offense in the common law. Instead, claims of plagiarism are a civil law matter; acts that constitute plagiarism are in some instances treated as copyright infringement, unfair competition, or a violation of the doctrine of moral rights. Frequency of plagiarism There is little academic research into the frequency of plagiarism. Any research that has taken place has focused on universities (higher education). There are no published statistics for the school or college (further education) sectors; awarding bodies do not maintain statistics on plagiarism. Of the forms of cheating (including plagiarism, inventing data and cheating during an exam), students admit to plagiarism more than any other. However, this figure decreases considerably when students are asked about the frequency of serious plagiarism (such as copying most of an assignment, or purchasing a complete paper from a website – 20% and 10%). Recent use of specialist detection software (see below) has given a more accurate picture of prevalence. Practical advice Plagiarism is sometimes difficult to avoid in writing, because writers are not always consciously aware of the source of the wording, or the source of the idea. To ensure that a writer will avoid plagiarism, it is necessary to keep track of the sources used, and record them accurately. In past years, when students copied extracts from books onto index cards or notebooks by hand, it was customary both to rephrase the idea, so it could be used in the author’s words and properly credited, and also copy what seemed to be useful quotations, so they could be quoted with a proper source. In working with photocopy or print out, it is normally easier to mark the pages, usually with different color pens or markers. When working with computer files on the screen, it is advisable to employ the annotation or comment features of the software. In any case, it is necessary to ensure that the notes are clear, that the photocopied or downloaded material includes the name and date of the source; that when working with online material, the date and URL are always recorded. The use of reference management software can be helpful in keeping track of the material. When working with sources other than book and articles, it is necessary to keep track of the sources, and the details are explained in the style manuals. Unintentional Plagiarism on the Internet Very well known works are often used without citation or attribution but this does not mean that the practice is either permissible or desirable. Some works are very well known in one country but little known in other countries. Authors may quote or adapt works which do not need attribution in their country. Authors may then put such unoriginal work onto the Internet without realizing the need for attribution. Organizational publications Plagiarism is presumably not an issue when organizations issue collective unsigned works since they do not assign credit for originality to particular people, there is no question about taking credit for someone elses ideas. These are not original works of research, and necessarily provide a summary of others work. As the academic level increases, so will the quotation marks and footnotes. But even a textbook will not use a direct quote with some sort of appropriation. As Jefferson said in the Declaration of independence, However, even such a book does not make use of words, phrases or paragraphs from another text, or follow too closely the other texts arrangement and organization. Within an organization, in its own working documents, standards are looser but not non-existent. If someone helped with a report, they expect to be credited. If a paragraph comes from a law report, a citation is expected to be written down. Technical manuals routinely copy facts from other manuals without attribution, because they assume a common spirit of scientific endeavor (as evidenced, for example, in open source projects in software) in which scientists freely share their work. The Microsoft Manual of Style for Technical Publications Third Edition (2003) by Microsoft does not even mention plagiarism, nor does Science and Technical Writing: a Manual of Style, Second Edition (2000) by Philip Rubens. The line between permissible literary and impermissible source code plagiarism, though, is apparently quite fine. As with any technical field, computer programming makes use of what others have contributed to the general knowledge. It is common for university researchers to rephrase and republish their own work, tailoring it for different academic journals, and often also for a newspaper article, in order to disseminate their work to the widest possible interested public. However, it must be borne in mind that these researchers also obey limits: if half an article is the same as a previous one, it will be rejected. One of the functions of the process of peer review in academic writing is to spot such errors. Public figures commonly use anonymous speech writers. However, if a speech uses copied material, it is the public figure who may well be embarrassed. In 1988, Delaware Senator Joe Biden was forced out of that years US Presidential race (but remained in the US Senate) when it was discovered that a part of one of his campaign speeches contained plagiarism. Famous accusations and examples of plagiarism Academia and Scholarship Numerous passages of Robert Masons 1983 Vietnam War memoir Chicken hawk were copied, almost word-for-word, by Charles Sasser and Ron Alexander in their 2001 book, Taking Fire. James A. Mackay, a Scottish historian, was forced to withdraw all copies of his biography of Alexander Graham Bell from circulation in 1998 because he plagiarized the last major work on the subject, a 1973 work. Also accused of plagiarizing material on biographies of Mary Queen of Scots, Andrew Carnegie and Sir William Wallace he was forced to withdraw his next work, on John Paul Jones, in 1999 for an identical reason. Psychology professor Rene Diekstra author of popular books left Lei den University in 1997 after accusations of plagiarism. Proceedings continued as of 2003, with Diekstra contesting a report about him on this matter. Historian Stephen Ambrose has been criticized for incorporating passages from the works of other authors into many of his books. He was first accused in 2002 by two writers for copying portions about World War II bomber pilots from Thomas Childers The Wings of Morning in his book The Wild Blue. After Ambrose admitted to the errors, the New York Times found further unattributed passages, and Mr. Ambrose again acknowledged his errors and promised to correct them in later editions. Marks Chabedi, a professor at the University of the Witwatersrand in South Africa, plagiarized his doctoral thesis. He used a work written by Kimberly Lanegran at the University of Florida and copied it nearly verbatim before submitting it to The New School. When Lanegran discovered this, she launched an investigation into Chabedi. He was fired from his professorship, and The New School revoked his Ph. D. Author Doris Kearns Goodwin interviewed author Lynne McTaggart in her 1987 book The Fitzgerald’s and the Kennedy’s, and she used passages from McTaggarts book about Kathleen Kennedy. In 2002, when the similarities between Goodwins and McTaggarts books became public, Goodwin stated that she had an understanding that citations would not be required for all references, and that extensive footnotes already existed. Many doubted her claims, and she was forced to resign from the Pulitzer Prize board. A University of Colorado investigating committee found Ethnic Studies professor and activist Ward Churchill guilty of multiple counts of plagiarism, fabrication, and falsification. The Chancellor has recommended Churchills dismissal to the Board of Regents. The action is currently pending Churchills appeal. Journalism In 1999, writer and television commentator Monica Crowley allegedly plagiarized part of an article she wrote for the Wall Street Journal (August 9, 1999), called The Day Nixon Said Goodbye. The Journal ran an apology the same week. Timothy Noah of Slate Magazine later wrote of the striking similarities in her article to phrases Paul Johnson used in his 1988 article for Commentary called In Praise of Richard Nixon. New York Times reporter Jay son Blair plagiarized articles and manufactured quotations in stories, including stories regarding Jessica Lynch and the Beltway sniper attacks. He and several editors from the Times resigned in June 2003. [ Moorestown Township, New Jersey high-school student Blair Horns tine had her admission to Harvard University revoked in July 2003 after she was found to have passed off speeches and writings by famous figures, including Bill Clinton, as hers in articles she wrote as a student journalist for a local newspaper. Long-time Baltimore Sun columnist Michael Olesker resigned on January 4, 2006, after being accused of plagiarizing other journalists articles in his columns. Conservative blogger Ben Domenech, soon after he was hired to write a blog for the Washington Post in 2006 was found to have plagiarized a number of columns and articles hed written for his college newspaper and National Review Online, lifting passages from a variety of sources ranging from well-known pundits to amateur film critics. After initially blaming any wrongdoing on past editors, Domenech eventually resigned and apologized.

Leonardo Fibonacci Essay -- Mathematics Papers

Leonardo Fibonacci Leonardo Fibonacci was one of the great mathematicians of his time. His lifestyle allowed him to travel and study math in various countries, and he ended up combining his cultural knowledge to discover the most effective ways of doing mathematics. He is most famous for his contributions to the European number system and for his sequence of numbers known as the Fibonacci numbers. Starting with 0 and 1 as the first two numbers, each number in the sequence is the sum of the two preceding numbers. He came across these numbers as a solution to a problem that he used as an example in one of his many publications. He was not aware of the importance of his findings at the time. Many uses have been found for these numbers since Leonardo’s death and many mathematicians have used this sequence in their own theories. Leonardo Fibonacci was born in Pisa, Italy in the middle 1170’s. When he was almost twenty, he moved to Bugia, Algeria with his father, Guielmo Bonacci. Bonacci was the secretary of the Republic of Pisa responsible for directing the Pisan trading colony in Bugia. When he brought his son to Algeria, he had Leonardo educated to become a merchant. During his studies in northern Africa, Fibonacci discovered the Hindu-Arabic number system, which he had not been exposed to in Europe. When his father arranged for him to work for the Pisan republic, Leonardo took advantage of his business trips to countries such as Greece, Sicily, Egypt and Provence. He studied the methods of mathematics that were practiced in these various nations. He discovered that the Hindu-Arabic numerals were much more effective and easier to manipulate than the Roman numeral system used in Italy. [i] .. ...997. Newman, James R., The World of Mathematics. Vol. 1, New York: Simon and Schuster, c1956. Peer Reviewed by Melissa Lenzi and Mike Hartman. [i] http://www.lib.virginia.edu/science/parshall/fibonacc.html [ii] Ibid. [iii] http://www.mcs.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/R.Knott/Fibonacci/fibBio.html#who [iv] Sanford, p.25 [v] http://www.lib.virginia.edu/science/parshall/fibonacc.html [vi] Ibid [vii] http://www.mcs.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/R.Knott/Fibonacci/fibBio.html#who [viii] http://www.mcs.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/R.Knott/Fibonacci/fibFormula.html#calcnext [ix] Ibid. [x] Ibid. [xi] Gullberg, p. 287 [xii] http://www.mcs.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/R.Knot/Fibonacci/lucasNbs.htmll#otherstarts [xiii] Gullberg, p. 288 [xiv] Boyer, p. 287 [xv] http://www.mcs.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/R.Knott/Fibonacci/fibpi.html#piandfib [xvi] Newman, p.718

Industrial/Organizational Psychology

JC’s Casino Improving Organization Retention Angela Harris PSY/435 March 12, 2013 Dr. M. Horton JC’s Casino Improving Organization Retention Running an effective company needs a management staff that has good communication skills and the ability to anticipate and satisfy the needs of the company as well as the employees. Companies spend time and money collecting information to assist organizations in their quest to do so. But, to have an effective enterprise, the employees incorporating higher administration should have organization as well.Companies hire impartial advisors to help them implement programs that will improve production, motivation, effective job hiring, and retention skills. Suggesting suitable modifications assists with job satisfaction and enhances worker output. For organizations like JC’s Casino a rigid strategy created through observation, staff and customer comments will assist the company to focus on undesirable behaviors from lower and uppe r management. Providing JC’s Casino with the information needed to keep excellent, effective dealers, and housekeepers while satisfying the needs of the clients.Improving Employment Recruitment and Retention JC’s casino is experiencing staff and guest complaints. Dealers and housekeepers during exit interviews have indicated a number of complaints regarding pit boss Joe’s behavior and management skills are having an adverse effect on the dealers and the guests. Because of Joe’s relationship to the owner, Tom the human resource director is afraid to voice the accusations thus, allowing the treating to continue. Housekeeping is also having issues because of absenteeism and retention. Because Andrew the director of housekeeping, is not able to solve this problem the casino has ad to change check out time and use employees from different departments to do extra work to cover any vacate positions. The goal to improve employment hiring and retention is achievab le. The method used in this case by an industrial organizational psychiatrist will assist to improve the organization's employee hiring and retention. The issues in higher management will reduce as soon as the matter with Joe is addressed. The usage of two motivation hypotheses will provide a starting point in fixing employee hiring and retention. The use of reinforcement and self-efficacy hypotheses is good tool for fixing the issues found at JC’s casino.Hiring of new employees appears to be an issue at the casino along with the ability to retain existing employees. Utilizing the reinforcement hypothesis will assist the organization in retaining existing workers by way of an incentive system and at the same time attract new employees. Even though JC’s casino’s pay scale is similar to various other casinos, housekeeping director Keehn has problems with getting good reliable help since without new housekeepers the existing housekeepers are working longer hours to cater to the casino’s requirements.The tension of additional work is very difficult for the workers and their determination to work for the organization has decreased. â€Å"Using the self-efficacy hypothesis decides how people’s feelings regarding their own abilities may affect behavior; the inspiration to try the task refers to a person’s capabilities to accomplish the task† (Spector, 2008). Existing workers are unsatisfied, the job description for housekeepers has modified considerably, giving housekeepers additional work.While the dealers’ keenness has been impacted by the pit boss that is described in the exit interviews as harmful, overbearing, bad, and inexperienced. The usage of self-efficacy and reinforcement ideas will improve worker recruitment and increase retention. But, additional inspirational theories in tandem would make the change better for the whole company. Alleviating on-the-job Stressors Tension on-the-job is normal in the o ffice, directing concentration toward the stressor assistance in looking for options for worker and client satisfaction.Occupational stressors influence worker satisfaction. â€Å"Health issues take place from stress caused scenarios, bronchial asthma, migraines and cancer† (Hansell & Damour, 2007), enhancing employee absenteeism. Before recruitment applicants ask questions regarding the place of work environment and rewards. JC’s casino’s popularity through exit interviews is less than positive. But, improving the negative thoughts and healing stressors is essential. Stressors recognized at the casino are the result of Joe’s mentality and attitude.Dealing with Joe’s behavior is necessary since he is the main reason for the majority of resignations and discontentment among the employees. Joe’s lack of awareness of the situation and his behavior is forcing good employees to leave the organization. The tension employee’s face might be d ecreased substantially when Joe is approached and reprimanded for his actions. Additionally, stress taking place in housekeeping derives from working understaffed. To overcome being understaffed, and causing stress in other departments generating discontentment among the whole organization.JC’s casino can instantly improve negative opinions since the issues which require handling have been found. Getting individuals that fit the needs of the casino is an immediate need. Utilizing the Large 5 Personality dimension is a good tool to use. Understanding people assists in the hiring procedure and retention. Unfortunately, a few jobs don't satisfy individuals; a great way to use the Large 5 Personality dimension assists to group individuals who will work well collectively and with the general public. Additionally the Large 5 Personality dimension assists to forecast job efficiency (Spector, 2008).Improving Job Satisfaction Improving job satisfaction will increase worker retention a nd enhance job efficiency. JC’s casino’s employees demonstrate discontentment due to management and additional jobs carried out not listed in the employee’s job description. Job satisfaction is essential to keep an organization completely staffed and working successfully. Job reward methods will enhance job performance. Using the job reward system can enhance efficiency at the casino. Understanding what perks work best for the organization depends upon the workers and the placements held.Additionally bonus plans will work if the capabilities to enhance efficiency, workers wish the perks, and removing of physical or psychological restrictions. JC’s casino fulfills the requirements except for psychological restrictions. Joe that has been pointed out in a lot of exit interviews has created a mental stress on the workers due to his manners. Even though this is a problem Joe’s behavior is controllable with the good communication. JC’s casino fulf ills the specifications in compensation if compared to the rivals however worker satisfaction is related and overrides salaries.A good worker that is comfortable and satisfied with the job atmosphere assists to increase retention and enhance worker recruitment. Eliminating Counterproductive Behaviors Absenteeism on-the-job is continuing for JC’s casino. Hiring workers with these types of habits impacts the organization, similarly for existing workers. Attitudes and behaviors on job in some instances are infectious. â€Å"Psychologically mature individuals are characterized by practical attitude† (Feist & Feist, 2009). Jobs usually have excellent workers, however when the atmosphere is made up of call-outs and insufficient staffing reliable workers start to notice.JC’s casino uses staff from every division to fill in placements which needs to be covered by workers employed particularly for that placement. Until a proper staff level is met in housekeeping other de partments though temporary should assist. This will help reduce late check-out times and the need to employ someone to watch guest’s luggage. Unproductive employees should be given evaluations to be made aware of the impact their behavior is having on the rest of the organization and a chance to improve or be dismissed. The solution for the casino is to provide employee relations satisfaction.Though Joe is the step-son of the proprietor, it is attainable that if Joe is given managerial coaching needed to communicate with his employees in situations. And Tom management training related to coping with job related stressors and employee retentions the counter productivity will reduce. A good organization is only as good as the individuals who operate and run the company. Bad administration will cause an adverse effect on other employees, restricting job hiring and employee retention. Conclusion JC’s Casino has experienced retention problems regarding dealers and housekeep ers.The dealers have had to endure poor leadership and mistreatment by Joe the pit boss at the casino. The housekeeping division is working short staffed and has to depend on other departments to fill job responsibilities. The source of the issue at JC’s casino is bad management and employee interaction. A busy organization that is having problems with productivity and employee motivation will a high turn-over rate. Adjusting useful elements which cause counter productivity will motivate the workforce at JC’s casino to work like a team and to find the job as more than the usual paycheck.JC’s casino is salvageable; the organization is competitive with wages therefore money is not the problem. Focusing on the cause of the issue starts with management. Successfully running a busy organization is tough, however using the correct method through industrial and organizational psychology will create a foundation for the organization to grow while recruiting new employee s and retain the current employees. References Spector, P. E. (2008). Industrial and organizational psychology (5th ed. ) Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Feist J Feist GJ 2009 Theories of Personality (7th ed). NJ: McGraw Hill

Economics Issues Simulation Paper Essay

The purpose of a managed care organization is to coordinate the costs and delivery of health care. A managed care organization oversees money spent on labor, technology, and facilities such as physician offices and hospitals. A type of managed care organization is a Health Maintenance Organization (HMO). A HMO â€Å"provides medical care for all its enrollees in return for a fixed annual fee per enrollee† (University of Phoenix, 2010, Key Terms and Concepts Section). An HMO tightly oversees the use of health care services thereby reducing costs and controlling utilization. For example, HMO’s reduce costs and control utilization among services are by requiring second opinions, performing pre – admission testing and reviews for continued stays or additional procedures, and allowing generic substitutions for drugs. Managed care organizations can save money by providing lower prices through contracting large volumes of services and reducing the amount of hospitalizat ions (Getzen & Allen, 2011). This essay presents a scenario in which I am a representative of Castor Collins Health Plans responsible for maximizing profits and minimizing risks. Within my job description, I am advised to develop a comprehensive health insurance plan for two entities: ConstructIt and E – Editors. This essay explains the company’s employee demographics, health risk factors, premium amount the company is willing to pay, and what company I chose to offer a health insurance plan. Based upon my analysis of potential utilization, I will provide two reasons for why each plan could be selected as well as explain my reasoning for choosing the plan. Last, I will explain why I did not offer the company a different plan. ConstructIt Employee Profile ConstructIt is a construction company composed of 1,000 employees. ConstructIt is [Avoid â€Å"it is,† etc.] comprised of 550 men and 450 women between the ages of 26 – 42 with 60% having spouses. ConstructIt employees  work profile consist of 32% great physical activity, 25% moderate physical activity, and 43% sedentary activities. The age and gender profile of ConstructIt is as follows: Almost half of the population is between the ages of 26 – 30 years One – third of the population is between the ages of 31 – 35 years Approximately 20% of the population is between the ages of 36 – 40 years Less than 10% ages 41 – 45 years. (University of Phoenix, 2010, Health Profile Section) The health profile of major risk factors among ConstructIt employees is depicted within the following table: Obesity 39% High Cholesterol 19.6% High Blood Pressure 19.3% Allergies 17.7% Migraines 16.8% Respiratory Diseases 13.5% Digestive Disorders 8.4% Thirty – eight percent of the population is diagnosed as having no major health risks. Economic Issues Simulation In addition, a combined 18% of the population smokes (University of Phoenix, 2010, Major Health Risks Section). ConstrucIt has a high number of people diagnosed as not having any major health risks. This is good because it means fewer people will seek health care services resulting in saving money for Castor Collins Health Plans. However, ConstructIt does have a high incidence of obesity rates: 39% of the group. Obesity predisposes a person to developing other serious chronic ailments such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes. The high rate of obese individuals may  increase the risks involved whenever offering health insurance to ConstructIt.   Chosen Company and Plan ConstructIt is willing to pay a maximum premium payout of $4000 per enrollee and E – Editors is willing to pay $4500 per enrollee. However, E – Editors has 600 more employees than ConstructIt, which in turn increases costs and utilization rates. Based upon the health profile of ConstructIt versus E – Editor I have decided to offer ConstructIt the Castor Standard insurance plan because they have lower utilization rates in many areas. I have decided not to offer E – Editor any type of insurance plan through Castor Collins Health Plans because E – Editor has high utilization rates. In addition, E – Editors employee age groups range from 35 – 54 years where as ConstructIt employee age groups range from the ages of 36 to 45 years (University of Phoenix, 2010, Health Profile Section). As a person ages, he or she is much more likely to increase the amount of health care goods and services required to maintain one’s health. In turn, thi s also increases the expected utilization rates. Two Reasons For Why Each Plan Can Be Selected Castor Collins Health Plans contain certain factors affecting the pricing of services. These factors include limitations and exclusions for what Castor Collins is willing to pay. Castor Standard health plan does not cover pre – existing conditions where as Castor Enhanced does provide coverage for enrollees with pre – existing conditions. One reason for why I can offer Castor Standard health plans to ConstrucIt is that the majority of ConstructIt employees are younger in age and almost half the population is free from major health risks. A second reason for why I can offer Castor Standard Insurance plans to ConstructIt is that it costs less while covering more conditions. One reason for why I can offer Castor Enhanced health plans to both ConstructIt and E – Editors is because both companies have employees with pre – existing conditions. A second reason for why I can offer Castor Enhanced health plans is E – Editors contains a larger amount of middl e – aged individuals requiring specialized services. Many pre – existing conditions require specialized services that may be added or customized to the Castor Enhanced health plan. Conclusion In summary, an HMO works in connection with a group of hospitals, physicians, and providers to offer health care services for a fixed annual fee. HMOs tightly oversee the use of health care services to reduce costs and control utilization. I evaluated the employee work and health profiles of two companies: ConstructIt and E – Editors. ConstructIt contains 1000 employees willing to pay out $4000 in premiums per enrollee each year. E – Editors contain1600 employees willing to pay out $4500 in premiums per enrollee each year. E – Editors’ health profile revealed a higher utilization rate among services than ConstructIt. Economic Issues Simulation This prompted me not to offer any health plans to E – Editors at a time whenever Castor Collins Health Plans is trying to maximize profits and minimize risks. However, if E – Editors was willing to pay higher premiums Castor Collins Health Plans may have been able to customize a health plan. I did offer a Castor Standard Insurance plan to ConstructIt because their health profile revealed a lower rate of utilization among services. It is important one evaluates the exclusions and limitations listed within health insurance plans to ensure adequate and correct amount of coverage is available. References Getzen, T. E., & Allen, B. H. (2007). Health Care Economics. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. University of Phoenix. (2010). The Financing of Health Care Simulation [Computer Software]. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, Simulation, HCS440 – Economics: The Financing of Health Care website.

buy custom The Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 essay

buy custom The Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 essay The emancipation proclamation of 1863 was one of the most important decrees issued by the president of the United States. That single declaration set the United States on a path to full integration of her people, and laid the foundation for the success that the nation now enjoys. Life during the civil war of 1862-1865 brought untold suffering to the inhabitants of the Southern States. Despite the suffering and disruption on peoples way of life, it also brought cooperation between the people of all races in the Southern States as they grappled with lifes challenges. The articles The emancipation proclamation, 1863, and Life in the Civil War, 1862-1865, present an informative account of events that took place then, and the profound effects that they brought to the United States and her citizens. The first article was a declaration from the then President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln. He issued a decree abolishing slavery across all areas of the United States that had been liberated from the civil war. This declaration was very important as it brought freedom to so many people who had been reeling under the yoke of slavery. Some of them were second-generation slaves, which means that they had been born in slavery, had had no idea what being free meant. The declaration ended centuries of debilitating slavery. The second article details the tribulations that people underwent during the civil war. The war had disrupted the everyday life of the citizens inhabiting the Southern States. Schools were closed, and women were forced to take up tasks that traditionally belonged to men. The story is told from the position of a white mother living among mostly Negroes. The war brought untold suffering to the citizens, but it also brought out resilience and cooperation between the people. They were forced to work together to endure the suffering, but their resilience cooperation, and hard work ensured that they realized their goals. Slavery in the United States has a long history, dating back to the year 1619 when the first African slaves arrived in Jamestown, Virginia (Horton and Horton, 2005). They were about thirty in number and joined a group of one thousand Englishmen as indentured servants. It existed for close to two and a half centuries before President Lincoln issued that famous declaration. The declaration was of immense significance as it liberated thousands of slaves. Living a life of bondage is not only humiliating, but it also divides society into castes. Slavery disenfranchised generations of mostly black people, effectively denying them the opportunity to attain an education, build respectable families, and achieve their goals and ambitions (Schneider and Schneider, 2007). Slavery had committed thousands of black families to forced labor for generations. The declaration set the stage for the United States to begin the long journey to racial and social integration and equality. Initially, President Lincoln had reservations about abolishing slavery. It was his conviction that freeing the slaves would jeopardize efforts to maintain the Union. The fears were unfounded since the nation become stronger and today, it is a world superpower with a racially integrated society. Due to the abolition of slavery, many black people have gone on to achieve extraordinary fetes. Some of them have excelled in sports, in music, acting, civil service, and academics. In politics, some have conquered previously insurmountable fetes. One hundred and forty five years after the abolishment of slavery, American voters elected the first black president. This means that slavery denied many black people the opportunity to excel in a number of disciplines, and that its abolishment presented them with the opportunity to realize their potential. The artiicle Life in the Civil War, 1862-1865, is told from a white womans point of view. Hers is the only white family amidst a black community. Despite the racial difference, the woman cooperates with her black neighbors in spinning and weaving clothes for their families. The civil war transformed the Southerners lives tremendously. Initially, they had been an agricultural society, bit the war prompted them to diversify and innovate in order to acquire essentials. Their children could not attend school to acquire an education, and yet the parents were too preoccupied with looking for essentials to provide home tuition. The civil war played an important role in fostering cooperation between families. The war also enabled the community to learn new ways of making ends meet. They learnt to improvise in order to acquire basic commodities like coffee, sugar, and spinning their own clothes. They worked together to repair a broken bridge and on the farms to produce enough food for their families. It is worth noting that the white woman trusted a certain old Joe as her husbands nurse from infancy. That she loved and gave all her trust to Joe shows that the community had lived in harmony despite racial differences. In conclusion, the emancipation proclamation is the most fundamental step taken by President Lincolns administration. It enabled the nation to achieve social and racial equality, which played a pivotal role in ensuring that all the virtues that the founding fathers of the nation fought for were realized. Similarly, the civil war of 1862-1865 was fundamental in fostering cooperation between members of different races. It also enabled the community to be alive to the fact they could produce commodities locally to cover for the shortfall occasioned by the war. It shows that in times of adversity, people tend to unite and confront their common enemy. Buy custom The Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 essay

Which Colleges Superscore the SAT

Which Colleges Superscore the SAT SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Your SAT scores are a very important part of your application, especially as the applicant pool gets bigger and more competitive every year. So how can you make sure colleges will consider your very best scores? This article will discuss the colleges that superscore the SAT. After giving you a list of every college that superscores the SAT, I'll talk about how you can use this information strategically as you prepare to apply to college. To start, let's briefly review what "superscoring" means. What Is an SAT Superscore? Superscoring is the process by which colleges consider your highest section scores across all the dates you took the SAT. Rather than confining your scores to one particular date, these schools will take your highest section scores, forming the highest possible composite score. On the current SAT, this means taking your highest Math score and your highest Evidence-Based Reading and Writing (EBRW) score across all test dates. Maybe you scored a stellar 750 on Math on your first SAT, but your Reading and Writing fell into the low 600s. To improve your EBRW score, you spent a few months prepping and managed to bring your EBRW score up 100 points! To your dismay, though, you focused so much on reading comprehension and grammar that you forgot some of your math skills, and your great math score dropped the second time around. If your colleges superscore, then you'd have nothing to worry about! They'd take your original 750 in Math and combine it with your new and improved EBRW score. Even though it took you a couple test sittings to achieve, you'd end up with a strong SAT score in all sections of the test for your college applications. While the superscoring policy is ideal for you as an applicant, it's not entirely an act borne out of generosity. Superscoring can benefit colleges by improving their ranking. By showing that their admitted students average higher SAT scores, their ranking may get higher as well. Before getting into the full list of colleges that superscore, there's another important consideration for current high school students. With the switch to the new SAT in 2016, how were colleges' superscoring policies affected? For the most part, colleges agree that superscoring across the old and new versions of the SAT wouldn't make sense. Bonus: Want to get a perfect SAT score? Read our famous guide on how to score a perfect 1600 on the SAT. You'll learn top strategies from the country's leading expert on the SAT, Allen Cheng, a Harvard grad and perfect scorer. No matter your level, you'll find useful advice here - this strategy guide has been read by over 500,000 people. Read the 1600 SAT guide today and start improving your score. Popular Colleges that Superscore the SAT The following colleges superscore the SAT. In addition to their superscoring policies, I included most of their stances on the College Board's Score Choice. Even though these colleges take your highest section scores, many don't want you to use Score Choice to pick and choose which scores they get to see. If you're taking and sending scores from both the old and new versions, make sure to call up the admissions office of your prospective college and clarify its policy on superscoring and Score Choice. We'll make sure to provide any updates as more information becomes available! School Official Statement Admissions Site Boston College If you have taken the SAT more than once, Boston College will take the highest individual section scores from each date and combine those scores. BC Admissions Boston University Boston University will allow students to choose [the College Board's Score Choice]; however, we strongly recommend students submit their scores each time they take the SAT. BU has always considered a student’s highest SAT section scores in making admissions decisions and will continue to do so. BU Admissions Columbia If you take an exam more than once, you will be evaluated on the highest score you received in any individual section. Columbia Admissions Duke Students who have taken multiple tests may choose which scores to send to Duke. For students who elect to send multiple test scores Duke will use whichever score is highest. Duke Admissions Georgetown Georgetown University does not participate in the Score Choice option available through the College Board. Georgetown requires that you submit scores from all test sittings of the SAT ... If an applicant takes the SAT more than once, the admissions committees will consider the highest critical reading score and the highest math score from multiple test sessions when reviewing the application. Georgetown Admissions Georgia Institute of Technology We super score within the same test, using your highest section scores from any test date. Each time you submit new scores to us, we will update your record with your highest scores. We evaluate all your sub-section scores, not just the sum or composite. Georgia Tech Admissions Harvard You are free to use the College Board Score Choice option. Harvard Admissions Johns Hopkins We'll consider your highest section scores across all SATs taken- even if they were on different test dates- in our evaluation of your application. We therefore encourage you to update your application with new test scores each time you take the SATs. Hopkins Admissions MIT If you take [the SAT] multiple times, we will consider the highest score achieved in each section. This superscoring also applies to students who submit scores from both the "old" and "new" SAT. We do this in order to consider all applicants in their best light.Students are free to use the College Board's Score Choice option ...to submit the scores of your choice as well. MIT Admissions New York University For both the SAT and ACT we will review the highest of each section, regardless of test dates. This practice is commonly known as the â€Å"superscore.† NYU Admissions Notre Dame If you submit multiple scores, we will superscore the tests for our evaluation. This means we will consider the highest composite score and highest scores on each section, regardless of test date. Notre Dame Admissions Princeton We allow applicants to use the score choice feature of ... the SAT ... but we encourage the submission of all test scores. Princeton Admissions Stanford All scores from all high school sittings of either the ACT or SAT (or both if you took both) are required....For the SAT, we will focus on the highest individual Evidence-Based Reading and Writing, Math, and Essay scores from all test sittings. For SAT exams taken prior to March 2016, we will focus on the highest Critical Reading, Math and Writing scores. Because we are not able to superscore across the two exams, we will superscore results within the old and new SAT exams separately. Stanford Admissions University of Chicago We recommend you send us all of your test scores. Only your best testing results- your highest sub-scores and the best result of the two testing options, if you've taken both the SAT and ACT- will be considered in the review of your application. Lower test scores submitted will not be used in the review of your application. U Chicago Admissions University of Connecticut We will combine the highest scores from each subsection of an exam to create the best overall score (within same exam formats) for exams taken more than once. U Conn Admissions University of Miami If you take the test more than once, please ensure that the testing agency sends all of your scores so that we have your best performance on record. The Admission Committee will consider all official test scores from multiple test dates. We will use the highest composite score from among each test that you’ve taken. U Miami Admissions University of North Carolina If you send us scores from multiple test dates, we’ll take your highest score for each section of the test and consider those scores as we evaluate your application. If you send us both an SAT and an ACT, we’ll look at whichever is higher. UNC Admissions University of Pennsylvania We superscore the ACT and we superscore within old and current SATs but not between old and current SAT tests. UPenn Admissions University of Southern California For students who take the SAT more than once, USC records the highest scores for each section. USC Admissions University of Virginia It has been the Office of Admission’s long-standing policy to consider the best test scores submitted by applicants. When reviewing SAT scores, we use the top score from each section across all administrations of the exam. Scores from the previous version of the SAT and the current SAT will not be combined ...We hope you will submit all of your scores knowing that we will recombine the sections to get the best possible set of scores. UVA Admissions Vanderbilt Vanderbilt strongly encourages students to submit scores each time they take the SAT. Vanderbilt will super-score among Old SAT tests and among New SAT tests, but will not super-score between the Old SAT and the New SAT. Only the highest section scores for either the Old SAT or the New SAT will be considered as part of the admissions review process. Each time SAT scores are submitted, the student's record is updated with the new high section scores. Vanderbilt Admissions Villanova Candidates are asked to submit their scores from each sitting of the SAT ... understanding that the Admission Committee will superscore the highest Evidence-based Reading and Writing scores and Math scores from the SAT. Villanova Admissions Virginia Tech At Virginia Tech, we superscore across test dates AND across exams- meaning we’ll look at your highest Math and English subscores and even combine scores from the SAT and ACT. For example, the Committee could consider your SAT Math and ACT English subscores when reviewing his/her application. Virginia Tech Admissions Yale When assessing SAT results, admissions officers will focus on your highest individual old or new scores from all test dates. For example, if you took the old SAT twice, your highest Critical Reading, Math and Writing scores will be considered individually. If you took the new SAT twice, your highest Evidence-Based Reading and Writing, Math and Essay scores will be considered individually. If you took both types of SAT, the admissions office will treat them separately and review the best scores on each test. Yale Admissions For most schools, you can find their policies toward standardized testing on their admissions website. You can also search for "name of college + PrepScholar" to access our large database of colleges and their admission requirements. Below is the complete list of colleges that superscore the SAT. Get ready: it's a pretty long list. Complete List of Colleges That Superscore the SAT Here are all the schools that have a policy of taking your "highest section" scores across test dates to form your highest possible composite score, according to the College Board. Since this list is huge, I recommend using ctrl + F to find any particular schools of interest. Let me know in the comments if I missed any, and this list will be regularly updated! Abilene Christian University Dunwoody College of Technology Mid-South Community College Southern Vermont College Adelphi University Durham Technical Community College Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary Southern Virginia University AIB College of Business Earlham College and Earlham School of Religion Millersville University of Pennsylvania Southside Regional Medical Center School of Nursing Alamance Community College East Carolina University Milligan College Southwestern Christian University Alaska Bible College East Los Angeles College Minnesota State University Moorhead Southwestern University Albany State University Eastern Connecticut State University Misericordia University Spartanburg College of Aeronautics Albion College Eastern Illinois University Mississippi Delta Community College Spartanburg Methodist College Alfred University New York State College Ceramics Eastern Kentucky University Missouri Baptist University Springfield College Algoma University College Eastern 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Community College Ursinus College Cogswell Polytechnical College Kutztown University of Pennsylvania Saint Clares Ursuline College Coker College Kuyper College Saint Cloud State University Valdosta State University Colby College Kwansei Gakuin University Saint Elizabeth School of Nursing Valley College of Technology College of Charleston La Salle University Saint John Fisher College Valparaiso University College of Coastal Georgia Lafayette College Saint John Vianney College and Seminary Vance-Granville Community College College of Eastern Utah LaGrange College Saint Johns River Community College Vanderbilt University College of Mount Saint Joseph Lake Area Technical Institute Saint Johns University Staten Island Vassar College College of Mount Saint Vincent Lake Forest College Saint Joseph's College Vesalius College College of New Rochelle Lake Superior State University Saint Joseph’s College ME Villanova University College of Office Technology Lakeland College Saint Joseph’s College Patchogue Virginia Polytechnic Institute State University (Virginia Tech) College of Saint Benedict/Saint John’s University Lancaster Bible College Saint Joseph’s University Waldorf College College of Saint Mary Landmark Baptist College Saint Lawrence University Walla Walla University College of Saint Scholastica Latter Day Saints Business College Saint Leo University Warner Pacific College College of Santa Fe Lehigh University Saint Louis College of Pharmacy Warren County Community College College of Southern Maryland Lenoir Community College Saint Louis University Madrid Campus Wartburg College College of Southern Nevada Lenoir-Rhyne University Saint Margaret School of Nursing Washington and Jefferson College College of the Atlantic Lesley University Saint Martin's University Washington and Lee University College of the Mainland Lester L Cox College of Nursing and Health Science Saint Mary’s College (IN) Washington Bible College College of the Ozarks Lewis-Clark State College Saint Mary’s College (MD) Washington Hospital School of Nursing College of Westchester Lexington College Saint Mary's Seminary and University Washington University College of William and Mary Liberty University Saint Mary’s University of Minnesota Watkins College of Art and Design College of Wooster Lincoln College Saint Mary’s University Texas Waukesha County Technical College Colorado Christian University Lincoln Technical Institute Allentown Saint Michael's College Vermont Wayne State University Colorado College Lincoln Technical Institute Columbia Saint Olaf College Waynesburg University Colorado State University Ft Collins Living University Saint Peter's College Weatherford College Columbia Union College Lon Morris College Saint Thomas Aquinas College Webb Institute Columbia University Lone Star College System Saint Thomas University Webber International University Columbia-Greene Community College Longy School of Music of Bard College Saint Vincent College Weber State University Community and Technical College West Virginia University Louisburg College Salem State College Wellesley College Community Christian College Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Salisbury University Wentworth Institute of Technology Concordia College Louisiana Tech University Salve Regina University Wesleyan University Concordia College New York Louisville Technical Institute Sam Houston State University West Chester University of Pennsylvania Concordia University (Ann Arbor, MI) Loyola Marymount University San Diego State University West Shore Community College Concordia University Wisconsin Lubbock Christian University San Francisco Art Institute West Virginia University Hospitals Radiologic Tech Contra Costa College Luther College San Francisco State University West Virginia University Morgantown Cornell University Lyme Academy College of Fine Arts San Jose State University Western Career College Stockton Cottey College Lynchburg College Sandhills Community College Western Carolina University County College of Morris Lyon College Santa Clara University Western International University-Online Craven Community College Manatee Community College Santa Fe Community College Western Michigan University Creighton University Manhattan School of Music Savannah College of Art and Design Western Nevada Community College Crossroads College Mansfield University of Pennsylvania SBS Swiss Business School Western New England College Crown College (TN) Marian College Schuylkill Health School of Nursing Western Washington University Danville Regional Medical Center School of Health Professions Marist College Seattle Pacific University Westfield State College Dartmouth College Marlboro College Seattle University Westminster College Pennsylvania Darton College Marquette University Sewickley Valley Hospital Westwood CollegeDuPage Davidson College Marshall Community Technical College Shawnee State University Wheelock College Davidson County Community College Marshall University Simmons College Whitman College Dawson Community College Mary Baldwin College Sinclair Community College Widener University Daytona State College Maryland Institute College of Art Singapore Polytechnic Willamette University Delta State University Marymount Manhattan College Skidmore College William Jessup University Denver Academy of Court Reporting Maryville University Saint Louis Smith College William Paterson University of New Jersey DePauw University Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Somerset Christian College William Penn University DeSales University Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Somerset Community College William Woods University DeVry University Master's College and Seminary Sonoma State University Williams College DeVry University Alpharetta Matanuska-Susitna Community College South Carolina State University Wilson College DeVry University CA Mayo School of Health Sciences South Piedmont Community College Wilson Community College DeVry University Centers McNally Smith College of Music Southeast Technical Institute Winthrop University DeVry University Houston MedCentral College of Nursing Southeastern Bible College Wisconsin Indianhead Technical College DeVry University Long Beach CA Mercy College Dobbs Ferry Southeastern Free Will Baptist College Wofford College DeVry University Missouri Mercy School of Nursing (PA) Southeastern Oklahoma State University Worcester Polytechnic Institute DeVry University Texas Mercy School of Nursing (NC) Southeastern Technical College Worcester State College Dickinson College Mercyhurst College Southern Arkansas University Tech Branch Word of Life Bible Institute Digipen Institute of Technology Messenger College Southern California Institute of Architecture Wright State University Dayton Divine Word College Messiah College Southern Catholic College Xavier University Dominican College of Blauvelt Miami Dade College Southern Connecticut State University Xavier University Louisiana Dominican University of California Miami University Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Yellowstone Baptist College Dowling College Middle Georgia College Southern Methodist University York College of Pennsylvania Drake University Middle Tennessee State University Southern New Hampshire University York St John Drexel University Middlebury College Southern University Agricultural and Mechanical College York Technical College Duke University Midreshet Lindenbaum Southern Utah University Young Harris College Since policies can change or be unclear, definitely write to or call up the school you’re interested in to ensure you understand how they consider SAT scores during the admission process. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today! Now that you know which schools superscore the SAT, what can you do with this information? Tips for Applying to Schools That Superscore Superscoring can benefit you after you apply to colleges, but it can also be a helpful strategy as you take the SAT. If you're applying to schools that superscore, you yourself can superscore, in a sense, when you're taking the SAT. What I mean by this is that you can concentrate on building up your highest composite score across test dates rather than trying to achieve it on a single test date. You could prep intensively for one sectioneach time you take the SAT. Of course, this method was a bit more helpful for takers of the old SAT, which had three separate section scores out of 800. The new SAT will combine your Reading and Writing scores, so you'll essentially only have two section scores to "superscore." However, the concept of building up your highest composite score against two or more test dates still applies. How can you use this strategy and become an SAT super-scorer yourself? Read on to find out. How to Be Strategic About Taking the SAT If you use this strategy, then you should start taking the SAT early, perhaps in the spring of your sophomore year or the fall of your junior year, so that you have enough test dates to build up your superscore. If you're one of those students caught in the transition between the old and new SAT, then unfortunately this strategy might not be available to you. If you're retaking the SAT with the new version, then you'll probably have to treat it as its own separate set of scores. And if all the changes get just too confusing, you could always take the ACT! There are a bunch of colleges that superscore the ACT, too. Unless a college explicitly discourages it, don’t worry about taking the SAT too many times, as long as you don’t exceed five or six tests- getting a higher score helps your application a lot more than taking it one too many times hurts it. Plus, unless you're caught between SAT versions, you don’t have to feel anxious about the possibility of retaking the test and getting a lower score than you did previously (unlikely as this is). At the same time, remember- everything in moderation. Even if schools superscore, college admissions officers are still people who might get thrown off if they see huge variations in your scores, especially compared to all of the other candidates. So don’t just skip your Math section completely! In conclusion, you should give your best effort on any SAT you take while also being strategic about building your highest superscore section by section. If you’re researching school policies on superscoring and Score Choice, then you’re already doing the most important thing: being thoughtful and intentional about every aspect of your college application to put forward your strongest candidacy. Bonus: Looking for the very best guides to every SAT section? Check out our top guides for every single section of the SAT. Choose the score level you're aiming for: 800 Score Guides: SAT Reading | SAT Writing | SAT Math | SAT Essay Choose these guides if you're scoring a 600 or above on a section, and you want to get the highest SAT score possible. 600 Score Guides: SAT Reading | SAT Writing | SAT Math | SAT Essay Choose these guides if you're scoring below a 600 on a section, and you want to boost your score to at least a 600 level. These are the very best guides available on boosting your SAT score, section by section. They're written by Harvard grads and perfect SAT scorers. Don't disappoint yourself - read these guides and improve your score today. What’s Next? To learn more about the current version of the SAT, check out our complete guide to the redesigned SAT. Once you've familiarized yourself with the test, head on over to this guide to learn about how to study for the SAT. Are you aiming for a top school and want to earn a perfect score on the SAT? Check out our detailed guide on how to achieve a perfect SAT score. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? We have the industry's leading SAT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and SAT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today: